Going beyond the plain (2D graphics) is more of a challenge than just adding another axis. Many techniques are applied together to map the high expectations of the mind on 2D displays. To render a 3D scene, techniques such as modeling, shading, textures, lighting, reflections, elimination of hidden surfaces, perspective projections are used.

Training It is the first step in 3D technology. A 3D shape can be constructed using basic geometry (polygon, the simplest being a triangle), mathematical modeling (equations), or graphical techniques such as lofting, turning, and extrusion where a 2D object moves along a well-defined path in 3D space. A warping technique is also used, the warping of the grid. The result is usually a wireframe model.

Shading It is then used to provide skin to the wireframe model. Flat shading The model is the crudest technique that does not smooth. Gouraud shading, a smooth shading technique, creates color gradients based on the location of an object’s face relative to a light source. But the technique lacks sharp reflections and shadow casting. This problem is solved using another smooth shading technique called Phong shading which is based on how we perceive colors. It uses ambient, diffuse, and specular optical properties of the material the 3D object is composed of.

Textured It is the next step to achieve the realism of the 3D object. While ray-traced rendering uses optical properties of the material, non-ray-traced rendering uses mapping, that is, overlaying bitmaps on object surfaces to create a realistic texture. Texture maps, bump maps, and reflections maps they are fundamental map types.

Elimination of hidden surfaces algorithms like Z-Buffer algorithm and perspective projections they are used to create the real effect of the relative positioning of objects in the 3D world.

3D visualization There are different 3D graphics, as the first one also provides interactivity. A user can navigate the virtual world by changing the point of view of the scene or maneuver objects by applying operations such as translation, rotation and scale.

FOR 3d animation it’s another buzz that is basically a sequence of frames rendered at a speed greater than vision perception (20 frames / second).

The 3D world specified as vertices, after various transformations, is rasterized and displayed. This process constitutes the graphics pipeline. The graphics pipeline has the following stages:

• World transformation
• See transformation
• Projection transformation
• Cropping and scaling the graphics window